Crowhurst et al. / CC BY-SA 3.0
Kiwi
Actinidia chinensis
Overview
The fuzzy brown kiwifruit and its smooth-skinned hardy cousin are vigorous vines that produce uniquely flavored, vitamin C-rich fruits. Hardy kiwi (Actinidia arguta) is grape-sized and can be grown in climates as cold as zone 4, while standard kiwi needs milder conditions. Most kiwi varieties require both a male and female vine for pollination, and they need sturdy support — a mature vine can weigh hundreds of pounds.
The kiwi, scientifically known as Actinidia chinensis, is a vibrant climbing vine that produces the delicious and nutrient-rich kiwifruit. Native to China, this plant has become a staple in gardens worldwide due to its unique characteristics and versatility.
Appearance and Distinguishing Features
Kiwi vines can grow quite long, reaching up to 30 feet or more with proper support. Their glossy green leaves are large, lobed, and reminiscent of those found on maples. The most striking feature of the kiwi plant is undoubtedly its fruit - small, round, and featuring a fuzzy brownish-purple exterior that gives way to a bright green, juicy interior.
Native Range and Habitat
Actinidia chinensis originates from the Changshan region in China's Zhejiang Province. It thrives in temperate climates with cool nights and moderate humidity, making it well-suited for gardens in similar conditions.
Growing Conditions and Care
Kiwi vines require a sturdy support structure, such as trellises or arbors, to climb upon. They prefer full sun but can tolerate some afternoon shade in particularly hot climates. Well-draining soil rich in organic matter is essential, as these plants are susceptible to root rot if waterlogged.
Proper care involves maintaining a mulch layer around the base of the plant to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Fertilizing twice a year - once in early spring and again mid-summer - will keep your kiwi vine healthy and productive. Regular pruning is also necessary to maintain the desired shape and size, as well as to encourage fruit production.
Uses
Edible: The primary attraction of Actinidia chinensis is its sweet, tangy fruit, high in vitamin C and other nutrients. Kiwifruits can be consumed fresh or used in a variety of culinary applications, from smoothies to desserts.
Medicinal
Some studies suggest that kiwi may have anti-inflammatory properties, potentially aiding in digestion and promoting heart health when consumed regularly.
Ornamental
Beyond their fruit-bearing capabilities, kiwi vines are visually appealing plants. Their lush foliage adds texture and color to any garden setting.
Ecological
Kiwis provide a natural food source for birds and other wildlife, making them valuable additions to ecological gardens or permaculture systems.
Cultural or Historical Significance
The cultivation of Actinidia chinensis dates back over 1,000 years in China. The fruit was initially consumed primarily in Asia but gained popularity worldwide after the "Hayward" cultivar was developed in New Zealand in the late 20th century, making kiwifruit more accessible and appealing to a global audience.
Notable Varieties or Related Species
While A. chinensis is the most commercially significant species, there are several other Actinidia varieties cultivated for their unique characteristics:
1. Actinidia deliciosa ("Honeydew" kiwi): Known for its larger size and thinner skin compared to A. chinensis. 2. Actinidia kolomikta: Noted for its ornamental value, as the female flowers are pink-tinged and can persist into late summer when fertilized by bees. 3. Actinidia arguta ("Baby kiwi" or "Hardy kiwi"): Characterized by its hardiness in cooler climates, making it suitable for more northern gardeners.
The exploration of these various species offers opportunities for further discovery and innovation within the world of Actinidia cultivation.
Growing Conditions
Habitat & Range
- Habitat
- Forest Edges & Thickets
- Native Range
- also native to Taiwan
- Cultivation Region
- Temperate regions
Botanical data via projectGAIA.
Companion Planting & Soil
Good Companions
Sowing & Propagation
Propagation Methods
Planting Calendar
When to sow, transplant, and harvest by growing zone.
| Zone | Action | Months | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cold (1-2) | Transplant | May — May | Plant hardy kiwi (Actinidia arguta) in spring; needs male and female vine; zone 3+ |
| Cold (1-2) | Harvest | Sep — Oct | Hardy kiwi: harvest when slightly soft; ripen indoors if frost threatens |
| Cold (1-2) | Prune | Mar — Mar | Prune in late winter; remove fruited canes; thin to 6-8 buds per lateral |
| Cool (3-4) | Transplant | Apr — May | Plant hardy kiwi in spring; strong trellis required; fruits in 3-5 years |
| Cool (3-4) | Harvest | Sep — Oct | Pick when fruit gives to gentle pressure; or pick firm and ripen indoors |
| Cool (3-4) | Prune | Feb — Mar | Winter prune; vigorous grower — prune heavily |
| Moderate (5-7) | Transplant | Mar — Apr | Plant in spring; fuzzy kiwi (A. deliciosa) hardy to zone 7 |
| Moderate (5-7) | Harvest | Sep — Nov | Harvest before hard frost; fuzzy kiwi ripens Oct-Nov |
| Moderate (5-7) | Prune | Jan — Feb | Prune while dormant; also summer-prune vigorous shoots |
| Warm (8-9) | Transplant | Feb — Mar | Plant in late winter; fuzzy kiwi thrives in zones 7-9 |
| Warm (8-9) | Harvest | Oct — Dec | Harvest fuzzy kiwi in fall/early winter |
| Warm (8-9) | Prune | Dec — Jan (wraps) | Winter prune; summer tip back long shoots |
| Hot (10+) | Transplant | Jan — Feb | Plant in winter; needs protection from extreme heat |
| Hot (10+) | Harvest | Sep — Nov | Harvest when slightly soft; store in refrigerator |
Uses
Culinary
- Fresh eating — peel and slice or eat hardy kiwi whole
- Added to fruit salads, smoothies, and desserts
- Made into jam, wine, and dried fruit
Medicinal
- Exceptionally high in vitamin C — more than oranges
- Contains actinidin enzyme that aids protein digestion
- Rich in vitamin K, potassium, and folate
Other Uses
- Vigorous ornamental vine for arbors and pergolas
- Hardy kiwi offers cold-climate exotic fruit growing
