KENPEI / CC BY-SA 3.0
Stock
Matthiola
Overview
Old-fashioned flowers prized for their intoxicating clove-like fragrance, stocks (Matthiola) produce dense spikes of double flowers in pastel pinks, purples, whites, and creams. Their scent is strongest in the evening, making them ideal near windows and outdoor seating areas. Evening stock (M. longipetala) is plain by day but releases the most heavenly perfume at dusk.
Stock, scientifically known as Matthiola, is a delightful addition to any garden. This genus of flowering plant belongs to the mustard family, Brassicaceae, and boasts around 50 species, ranging from annuals to biennials and perennials.
Appearance and Distinguishing Features
The flowers of stock plants are the primary draw for gardeners. They come in a variety of colors, including white, pink, purple, and violet. The blooms are known for their sweet fragrance, which can fill an entire garden when several plants are grown together. The leaves of stock plants are typically blue-green and have a slightly glaucous appearance.
Native Range and Habitat
Stock plants are native to the Mediterranean region and parts of central Europe. They thrive in rocky areas, grassy slopes, and disturbed ground, preferring well-drained soil.
Growing Conditions and Care
Stock plants prefer full sun exposure but can tolerate some shade. They need well-draining soil that is not too rich or fertile, as this can lead to lush foliage but few flowers. The plants are drought tolerant once established and do not require regular watering. Deadheading spent blooms can encourage a second flush of flowers.
Uses
Ornamental: Stock plants are primarily grown for their beautiful and fragrant flowers. They make excellent cut flowers and can be used in borders, rock gardens, or containers.
Ecological
Some species of stock, such as M. incana, are known to attract bees and other pollinators, making them valuable in ecological landscaping.
Cultural or Historical Significance
Stock plants have been cultivated for centuries, with their use dating back to ancient Egypt. The genus is named after Italian naturalist Pietro Andrea Mattioli, who first described the plants in his botanical writings in the 16th century.
Notable Varieties or Related Species
Matthiola bicornis: Also known as horned stock, this species features unique, curved seed pods that resemble horns. It is native to the Mediterranean region. Matthiola longipetala: Commonly called annual stock, this species blooms in the first year and has been popularly cultivated for its fragrant flowers. It comes in a range of colors, including white, purple, and pink.
Growing Conditions
Habitat & Range
- Habitat
- Meadows & Open Areas
- Native Range
- Native to Alberta, Kentucky, Montana; also native to Afghanistan, Algeria, Baleares and 58 more regions; introduced in 5 US states
- Cultivation Region
- Temperate regions
Botanical data via projectGAIA.
Companion Planting & Soil
Good Companions
Sowing & Propagation
Propagation Methods
Planting Calendar
When to sow, transplant, and harvest by growing zone.
| Zone | Action | Months | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cold (1-2) | Start Indoors | Feb — Mar | Start indoors 6-8 weeks before last frost; chill seed 2 weeks for better germination |
| Cold (1-2) | Transplant | May — May | Transplant in spring; tolerates light frost |
| Cold (1-2) | Harvest | Jun — Jul | Cut when half of florets are open; clove/spice scented |
| Cool (3-4) | Direct Sow | Mar — Apr | Direct sow in early spring; very fragrant evening bloomer |
| Cool (3-4) | Harvest | May — Jun | Harvest in spring; one of the most fragrant cut flowers |
| Moderate (5-7) | Direct Sow | Feb — Mar | Sow in late winter; blooms in cool spring weather |
| Moderate (5-7) | Direct Sow | Sep — Oct | Fall sow for early spring bloom |
| Moderate (5-7) | Harvest | Mar — May | Spring bloom; evening fragrance strongest |
| Warm (8-9) | Direct Sow | Sep — Nov | Fall/winter crop; intensely fragrant |
| Warm (8-9) | Harvest | Dec — Mar (wraps) | Winter/spring bloom |
| Hot (10+) | Direct Sow | Oct — Dec | Fall sow for winter bloom; needs cool nights |
| Hot (10+) | Harvest | Dec — Feb (wraps) | Winter bloom; intoxicating fragrance |
Uses
Culinary
- Flowers are edible with a mild, sweet flavor
- Used as fragrant garnish for desserts and cocktails
Medicinal
- Traditional use as a mild expectorant for coughs
- Seed oil used historically for skin softening
Other Uses
- Exceptional fragrant cut flower
- Evening-scented varieties for patio and window-side planting
